Sorting Algorithms Handwritten Notes

C-style string is a char array ending with '\0' and often uses <cstring> functions like strlen. std::string is a C++ class that manages memory automatically and supports easy operations like concatenation and length using methods.

C-style strings need careful size handling; std::string is safer.

Early binding is compile-time function selection (non-virtual). Late binding is run-time selection (virtual). Late binding chooses function based on actual object type through base pointer/reference.

Explain constructors and types of constructors (with flow/table)

A constructor is a special member function that initializes an object.

Properties:

• name same as class name
• no return type
• called automatically on object creation
• can be overloaded

Types:

1. Default constructor: no parameters
2. Parameterized constructor: takes parameters
3. Copy constructor: creates new object from existing object (ClassName(const ClassName &obj))

Create object → matching constructor runs → object becomes ready to use

So constructors ensure objects start in a valid and usable state.